Regarding the various games, optical devices, small objects that one could use at home, look into, interact with, I think that viewers were trained or acculturated to become citizens or subjects of a powerful and expanding empire through representations of the non-West in various media.
Spectatorship was a key method of acculturation or training. Zoetropes, phenakistoscopes, stereoscopes, and, of course, ultimately cinema gave people new things to see exotic, wonderful delights, and visual pleasure made this training work even more efficiently. Perhaps indelibly people see this, they never forget it, whether it was cowboys who inevitably defeated the Indians or Western soldiers conquered and expanded the empire in the non-West for their monarchs. The message I think was consistent: West was best. And you saw it in these little objects that you could handle and hold in your own home. For me, the small, toy-like objects had a particular efficacy because they were consumed in the private sphere. In a sense, they brought the message home. Literally, one could peer into a small device in the comfort of one’s home and see unfamiliar, exotic, distant peoples and places that were domesticated by the device that one held in one’s hand or rested on a table at home. And I really think that it’s through these operations of seeing, adjusting, handling, interacting with, playing with these things that one really incorporated the message. It’s more than just sight. It’s also about handling and playing.
You see this repeatedly in different media with maybe different costumes, different variations, but ultimately the message is the same. Those consumers, those viewers of these objects were citizens or subjects of an expanding empire that was pushing its borders ever further out into the world.